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谁知道明清房屋设计是怎么做的？

谁知道明清房屋设计是怎么做的？

浏览：57次 | 提问时间： 07-13 05:15

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洞悉了所有 07-13 05:16

我国的建筑发展到明清时期，在官式建筑方面已经高度标准化和定型化。
清朝政府于公元1733年颁布的《工部工程做法则例》，又进一步加以制度化。它规定把所有官式建筑物分成二十七种格式，每一种格式房屋的大小、尺寸、比例和构件都固定不变。这种做法在施工中固然方便，但却缺乏灵活性。但聪明的建筑匠师们利用这种成熟的和定型的做法，妥善而巧妙地完成了明清皇宫、坛庙和园囿的建筑设计，遗留下来的像北京故宫、天坛和颐和园等一系列优秀的建筑群。
明清的民间建筑从总的发展方向来看，也趋于标准化和定型化。但由于受到的约束较官式建筑为小，再加上地区、民族、阶级和贫富的不同，表现在具体建筑物上的差别也比较大。这就意味着民间匠师们在设计施工中享有较大的自由和灵活性，使此期民间建筑的地方特色更为显著。

早在明代中期，江浙一带民间的木构建筑就有了规范化的专书《鲁班经》，它是以堂屋为中心来规定其他房间尺寸的。流行于北方黄土高原的窑洞住宅，到明清时期也有了发展，从布局到结构都作了改进。当时福建的土造楼房，用一米多厚的夯土墙承重，可以建成高达四、五米的楼房。各地区、各民族的建筑装饰艺术也比官式的更加生动活泼，富有变化。

在明清时期，四合院式的住宅在我国北方更为流行。这种住宅的特点是按南北中轴线对称地安排房屋和院落。通常是把南向的房屋称作“正房”或“上房”，北向的房屋称作“倒座”，东西两侧的房屋称作“厢房”。其中正房供长辈居住，厢房供晚辈居住，倒座则用作客房或仆役的住室，另有耳房和小院作为厨房和杂屋等。房屋，一般都房高厅大，因此，多悬挂高大的挂轴。院子的四周都有封闭式的围墙，所有门窗均朝向院子，以保持安全和宁静。大门多开在南面围墙的东部，大门内有迎面的影壁(又名照壁)，使外人看不到院内的动静。大门和二门之间称为“前院”或“外院”，前院的南侧有一排“倒座”。二门又名“垂花门”，常有比较华丽的装饰。二门内称为“内院”、“正院”或“里院”，是四合院的中心部分。在正房和厢房之间常用走廊连接，庭院里多栽有花卉树木。比较大型的住宅则由几个四合院组成，并在左右或后部再营建花园。

把他丢了 07-13 05:24

建筑设计规模宏伟，布局严整，主次分明。外观上，运用木构的特点，创造了屋顶举折和屋面其翘，出翘，形成了鸟翼伸展般的檐角和屋顶各部分柔和优美的曲线。布局上以“间”单位构成单座建筑，再一单座建筑组成“庭院”。明朝的建筑彩画取宋朝《营造法式》，在实践中又有改进。清代建筑彩画承明代程式而规划化，出现南北两大派系，三大类型。北派“和玺彩画”以梁枋为主的彩画，南派“苏式彩画”以山水。人物、花草、鸟兽的中国画形式。

隔空拔河 07-13 05:32

1、花板：形状多样，有正方形;长方形;八角形;圆形等形状。雕刻图案内容多姿多彩，丰富多采的含意，中国的传统吉祥图案我相信都能在花板找到，什么福禄寿禧;事事如意，等等图案。合理的几何学拼图形状，线条优美，令人产生多种的审美观。特别四块长方形组合在一起，形成一幅完整图案，挂在客厅的沙发;电视地柜上面，更加点缀出一种典雅。

　　2、条案：在古代多数作供台之用，大型的有3-4米长，台上面放着先人的神位，逢年过节烧香拜祭。这也难怪的，我们中国人一向是有那种忠孝的美德。条案的脚造形多样，有马蹄;卷纹等型状，台面有翘头和平头两种。在现代家居中，有些房子空间小，多数将规格改小，有作风水玄关之用，放在走廊;客厅;书房等地，台上面摆设自己心爱的装饰品，衬托一种和谐;庄严的气氛来。

　　3、屏风：屏风的制作多样，有挡屏;实木雕花;拼图花板组合而成，还有黑色描金屏风，手工描绘花草;人物;吉祥图案等描绘，色彩强烈，配搭分明。现代酒店的餐厅间隔;客厅等摆设间隔。更加有田园风光的宁静，雅致。

　　4、圈椅;官帽椅：整个中式风格装饰起着重要作用，是明式家具的代表作。造型合理，线条简洁。直今为现代人所喜爱!抛开复杂繁琐的因素，是中式风格装饰的所在，往往这些椅起了重要的作用。官帽椅分为：四出头官帽椅;南官帽椅。两椅一几的摆设在客厅;书房等地方，淳朴;沉稳由然而生。

　　5、灯光;字画：现代的电灯在古代是没有的，现代家居有了它更加理想。合理的灯光照射，使那些古典元素充满生命，让人精神，照出一种温馨;浪漫的心情来。字画的挂设，同样有书香世家的气氛，可以说：现在的毛笔字越来越少啦，相反只是电脑打出来的字越来越多罢了!

　　6、中国风的构成主要体现在传统家具(多为明清家具为主)、装饰品及黑、红为主的装饰色彩上。室内多采用对称式的布局方式，色彩浓重而成熟。字画、匾幅、挂屏、盆景、瓷器、古玩、屏风、博古架等，追求一种修身养性的生活境界。

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