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意大利巴洛克建筑有哪些？

意大利巴洛克建筑有哪些？

浏览：1403次 | 提问时间： 12-02 12:21

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怪呀怪比 12-02 14:06

典型实例有罗马的圣卡罗教堂，是波洛米尼设计的。它的殿堂平面近似橄榄形，周围有一些不规则的小祈祷室；此外还有生活庭院。殿堂平面与天花装饰强调曲线动态，立面山花断开，檐部水平弯曲，墙面凹凸度很大，装饰丰富，有强烈的光影效果。尽管设计手法纯熟，也难免有矫揉造作之感。17世纪中叶以后，巴洛克式教堂在意大利风靡一时，其中不乏新颖独创的作品，但也有手法拙劣、堆砌过分的建筑。
教皇当局为了向朝圣者炫耀教皇国的富有，在罗马城修筑宽阔的大道和宏伟的广场，这为巴洛克自由奔放的风格开辟了新的途径。
17世纪罗马建筑师丰塔纳建造的罗马波罗广场，是三条放射形干道的汇合点，中央有一座方尖碑，周围设有雕像，布置绿化带。在放射形干道之间建有两座对称的样式相同的教堂。这个广场开阔奔放，欧洲许多国家争相仿效。法国在凡尔赛宫前，俄国在彼得堡海军部大厦前都建造了放射形广场。杰出的巴洛克建筑大师和雕刻大师伯尼尼设计的罗马圣彼得大教堂前广场，周围用罗马塔斯干柱廊环绕，整个布局豪放，富有动态，光影效果强烈。
巴洛克建筑风格也在中欧一些国家流行，尤其是德国和奥地利。17世纪下半叶，德国不少建筑师留学意大利归来后，把意大利巴洛克建筑风格同德国的民族建筑风格结合起来。到18世纪上半叶，德国巴洛克建筑艺术成为欧洲建筑史上一朵奇葩。
德国巴洛克风格教堂建筑外观简洁雅致，造型柔和装饰不多，外墙干坦，同自然环境相协调。教堂内部装饰则十分华丽，造成内外的强烈对比。实例是班贝格郊区的十四圣徒朝圣教堂、罗赫尔的修道院教堂。
十四圣徒朝圣教堂平面布置非常新奇，正厅和圣龛做成三个连续的椭圆形，拱形天花也与此呼应，教堂内部上下布满用灰泥塑成的各种植物形状装饰图案，金碧辉煌。教堂外观比较平淡，正面有一对塔楼，装饰有柔和的曲线，富有亲切感。
罗赫尔修道院教堂也是外观简洁，内部装修精致，尤其是圣龛上部天花，布满用白大理石雕刻的飞翔天使，圣龛正中是由圣母和两个天使组成的群雕；圣龛下面是一组表情各异的圣徒雕像。
奥地利的巴洛克建筑风格主要是从德国传入的。18世纪上半叶，奥地利许多建筑都是德国建筑师设计的。如维也纳的舒伯鲁恩宫，外表是严肃的古典主义建筑形式，内部大厅则具有意大利巴洛克风格，大厅所有的柱子都雕刻成人像，柱顶和拱顶满布浮雕装饰，是巴洛克风格和古典主义风格相结合的产物。

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