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定窑白瓷装饰手法有哪些？

定窑白瓷装饰手法有哪些？

浏览：48次 | 提问时间： 07-30 09:44

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隐爱 07-30 09:45

刻划花的装饰手法流行于北宋，至金代则出现了印花的技法，定窑印花装饰看不出由简到繁，由低级向高级的发展过程，有可能受定州缂丝的影响，制瓷匠师采用缂丝纹样粉本刻模，因此一开始就显得比较成熟。从釉色来看，金代定窑的釉色与北宋时有所不同，不如北宋时滋润，而带有粉质感，亦显得较为稀薄，突出于器表的纹饰微露白色。装饰方法有划花、刻花、印花等类，早期较流行刻花，后兴起刻花与篦划纹结合，中期盛行印花装饰，至晚期更为成熟。花纹式样众多，有牡丹、萱花、飞凤、蟠螭、双鱼等，皆典雅妍丽，美奂绝伦。定窑器以其丰富多彩的纹样装饰而深受人们喜爱。装饰技法以白釉印花、白釉刻花和白釉划花为主，还有白釉剔花和金彩描花。印花以花卉为主，主要有莲、菊、萱草、牡丹、梅等，也有鸳鸯、龙凤、狮子等动物图案，画面严谨，讲究对称，工整素雅的白釉印花定器历来视为陶瓷艺术中的珍品而颇受人们的青睐。北宋早期定窑刻花、构图、纹样趋简，以重莲瓣纹居多，装饰有浅浮雕之美。北宋中晚期刻花装饰精美绝伦，独具一格。用单齿、双齿、梳篦状工具，刻划出由深、浅不一的主线与辅线相衬构成的物象，生动自然，有较强的立体感，装饰题材以花果、莲鸭、禽鸟、浮鸟、云龙等为主.[1] 占定瓷大宗的北宋定窑白瓷，具有以下的特征：泪痕泪痕是指器表的流釉现象，定瓷流釉往往呈条状，宛如垂泪，故称泪痕。泪痕现象仅见于北宋定窑器，唐至五代定瓷并无此特征。唐代定瓷釉薄而洁白，胎釉结合十分紧密，无流釉现象；北宋则凝厚而泛黄，釉内气泡大而多，釉层在烧结过程中随器垂挂流淌，形成泪痕。北宋早期，定窑采用正烧，流釉方向自口至底，北宋中期以后，定窑创造了覆烧的技法，流釉方向自底向口，但也有一些特殊情况，笔者曾见过一些定窑白瓷，泪痕方向为横向，十分奇怪，形成原因尚待研究。竹丝刷痕在定窑碗、盘类器物的外壁，经常可看见细密如竹丝的划痕，这些划痕是器物初步成型后旋坯*时留下的，当然在其它窑口的器物外壁也可见到旋坯痕，但不如定窑的纤细密集，此为鉴定定窑器物的一个特征。底足定窑器物的底足类型不多，主要分为平底与圈足两大类，而其圈足具有与其它窑口器物圈足明显不同的特点，这些特点体现在北宋中期以后覆烧成型的定窑器上，由于覆烧的发明，器物圈足得以裹釉，而将露胎处移至器上，然而裹上釉层的器足在外观上的表现并不那么完美，足面（圈足与地面接触部分）总是显得不够平整，有些地方釉厚，有些地方釉薄，以手抚之，明显地感到凹凸不平，笔者所目见的北宋定窑圈足器无一例外。这种现象十分奇怪，但在鉴定中却非常有效，凡北宋定窑圈足器（采用覆烧法，圈足上釉者）均有此特征，此为鉴定之关键。另外，定窑圈足器之圈足有大小两种类型，大圈足器之足底往往可见竹丝刷痕，刷痕呈同心圆，而小圈足器则无这种现象，但无论大小圈足，足均极浅，足墙均窄，小圈足器挖足不过肩，几乎无钩手。变形定窑器物，尤其是碗类器物，大都有些变形，若是完整器，将器物倒扣于桌面，便很容易发现这一特点。就目前在市场上所见到的仿定白瓷而言，泪痕现象已可做到，竹丝刷痕亦不难实现，至于器物的变形非人力而可强为，而取决于烧造时的火候、窑位、气氛等等因素，若以人力做作，不免留下故意造作的，不自然的痕迹。现在只有一点还难以企及，就是足面的不平现象，这种现象的形成完全出于自然，且在目前尚未引起仿造者足够的重视，仍可作为鉴定的一个标准。

可你是命 07-30 09:54

、泪痕，泪痕是指器表的流釉现象，定瓷流釉往往呈条状，宛如垂泪，故称泪痕。2、竹丝刷痕在定窑碗、盘类器物的外壁，经常可看见细密如竹丝的划痕3、底足定窑器物的底足类型不多，主要分为平底与圈足两大类，而其圈足具有与其它窑口器物圈足明显不同的特点4、变形

阡陌微凉 07-30 10:02

唐代的定窑白瓷具有与邢窑白瓷相似的特征，器形有碗、盘、托盘、注壶、盆、三足炉和玩具等。造型与五代时期的作品相比，器沿均具有厚唇，丰肩，平底，底加圆饼状实足，有的为玉璧底。唐代定窑白瓷大多与当时邢窑白瓷相似，胎骨断面较细，胎色洁白，另有一类胎骨比较厚实，断面比较粗，但烧结较好。施釉一般用蘸釉法，器外壁的腹下至底部都不施釉。釉的质地随器物的不同而异。施在胎体较厚重器物上的釉比较粗，釉面凝厚，釉色一般是白里泛青，釉水凝聚处多呈青绿色，釉面有开片。胎质细腻者，胎色洁白，则施白釉，釉质很细，表面釉光莹润。时至北宋，定窑瓷器脱颖而出，虽仍以烧造白瓷为主，但另兼烧黑釉、绿釉、酱釉及白釉剔花器。刻花装饰方法被大量采用，按工艺细分，可列为刻花、划花和印花三种。北宋定窑的刻、划花技法与当时的其它窑口瓷器颇为不同，给人一种很“硬”的感觉，这种感觉只可意会，不可言传，但可以打一个比方来形容，如用钢*在松软的木料上刻花，受*处周围的木料表面会随着*具的刻压而下陷，此谓之“软”，而在坚硬的红木上刻花，受*处周围的木料表面则不会下陷，使刻纹*廓更为鲜明，此谓之“硬”。装饰手法刻划花的装饰手法流行于北宋，至金代则出现了印花的技法，定窑印花装饰看不出由简到繁，由低级向高级的发展过程，有可能受定州缂丝的影响，制瓷匠师采用缂丝纹样粉本刻模，因此一开始就显得比较成熟。从釉色来看，金代定窑的釉色与北宋时有所不同，不如北宋时滋润，而带有粉质感，亦显得较为稀薄，突出于器表的纹饰微露白色。

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