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琉璃瓦制作工艺流程有谁了解吗

琉璃瓦制作工艺流程有谁了解吗

浏览：52次 | 提问时间： 08-03 10:03

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你对我而言像瞎子看见阳光情深似海 08-03 10:04

你好,很高兴为你解答问题。这个问题比较专业，建议您去相关网站了解

闹多久 08-03 10:13

流光溢彩的琉璃瓦是中国传统的建筑物件，通常施以金黄、翠绿、碧蓝等彩色铅釉。我国早在南北朝时期就在建筑上使用琉璃瓦件装饰。琉璃瓦经过历代发展，已形成品种丰富、型制讲究、装配性强的系列产品，常用的普通瓦件有：筒瓦、板瓦、句头瓦、滴水瓦、罗锅瓦、折腰瓦、走*、挑角、正吻、合角吻、垂*、钱*、宝顶等等。从传统琉璃瓦演变发展而来的西式瓦最先在*和西班牙、意大利等欧洲一些*得到应用，它将筒瓦、板瓦型制合二为一，结构合理，挂装简便，有效覆盖面积大，屋顶承重小。釉色丰富达百种以上，同时，它没有铅釉瓦釉面反铅影响装饰效果的现象。因此，西式瓦在现代建筑上越来越得到广泛应用。随着我国城镇建设的蓬勃发展，琉璃瓦、西式瓦的用量显著增加，市场前景看好。琉璃瓦、西式瓦的生产工艺并不复杂，生产线设备可选用全自动生产线设备生产，也可选用部分机械设备和手工相结合的方式生产，全自动生产线设备自动化程序高，所需人工较少。采用部分机械设备和手工相结合的生产方式，投资小、见效快，所需人员也多一些。我们就琉璃瓦的制作工艺、坯料、釉料、*研究取得的经验，供大家共同探讨。一、坯料我们选用的原料多为邯郸地区储量大、价格低的大青、二青、缸土、碱土、木节等软质原料及废匣钵粉、瓷粉等原料。另外，我们部分采用煤矸石、煤研灰等矿物废渣、工业副产品来降低生产成本，也获得满意效果。我们主要试制了两种坯料：白坯料和红坯料。红色坯料我们选用的是当地的两种紫砂原料，将其置换白坯料中的青土成分而配成。 1、注浆坯料的* 将原料按*准确称量入球磨细碎，细度为万孔筛余不低于15％，过60目筛陈腐备用。主要用来制作琉璃瓦的小、中型异型件。 2、挤制和塑压成型坯料的* 将原料经雷蒙机粉碎后分类存放，不能混入杂质，原料加二细度100目筛余小于0．05％。坯料*按照*准确称量后，平铺于洁净地面，一种原料铺一层，然后加入一定量的水分，人工将其混匀。将混合坯料入搅泥机，搅练2—3次，陈腐两天后供成型使用。二、成型琉璃瓦的成型方法，一般采用挤制成型、手工印坯、注浆成型等方法。西式瓦采用塑压成型。 1、挤型成型琉璃瓦的普通瓦件筒瓦、板瓦采用挤制成型，挤坯机（TCL350真空挤出机）是在搅泥机的出泥口加装一个与坯体尺寸相同的机头，搅泥要求真空度大于0．12Mpa，坯泥水分小于18％。待坯挤出后，用钢丝切成瓦坯，放支架上晾干、修坯、干燥后烧成。 2、手工成型和注浆成型琉璃瓦中的勾头，滴水瓦件以及走*、钉帽、花窗和正吻、垂*等构件采用手工成型或注浆成型。手工成型是将坯泥拍打成泥饼，在石膏模内压印出有花纹的坯体，稍干后起坯贴接，将工作面修整打光。手工成型的泥料水分为22％。 3、塑压成型（WD成型压机）西式瓦主要采用塑压成型，塑压泥料要抽取真空，泥料水分在16—18％。我们使用的塑压成型机是湘潭高新陶瓷机械厂生产，单机日产量在6000片左右。三、釉料 1、琉璃瓦用釉传统琉璃瓦用生铅釉以铅丹作助熔剂，主要着色剂是铁、铜、锰、钴等金属氧化物，属于pbo－SiO2二元系统，约在850℃—1000℃温度中烧成。生铅釉随色剂含量多少，直接影响釉色深浅变化，可获得层次丰富的色彩。 2、西式瓦用釉西式瓦用釉为熔块釉，熔块釉有较大的烧成温度范围和色釉选择余地。*熔块要选用的化工原料（硼砂、碱面、铅丹等）应为工业纯，着色剂的纯度要高。熔块的好坏直接影响到釉面质量，应重视烧制的各个环节，提高熔块的质量，好的熔块应是透明的玻璃质。 a）釉料的* 将铅丹或熔块与生料严格按*称量好，入球磨机研磨，料、球、水为1：1．7：0．8，要求细度：生铅釉0．04－0．06％，熔块釉0．05－0．12％（万孔筛余）。为保证釉有良好的流动性及防止沉淀，可加入电解质*纤维素。 b）施釉琉璃瓦、西式瓦一般采用浇釉法或浸釉法。浇釉时要迅速，一次浇满瓦面可保证釉面平整光滑均匀。釉的比重控制在1．5－1．7之间。应注意施釉后要及时刮净底部。四、烧成西式琉璃瓦采用一次烧成。烧成后用窑炉为煤烧推板窑，投资较少，也可用隧道窑，氧化焰烧成。西式瓦一次烧成是将成型好的坯体干燥施釉后直接入窑烧成，烧成温度为1150℃－1200℃。瓦件不是满施釉可以倚靠摞叠或采用特殊支架的办法烧成。五、检验琉璃瓦、西式瓦除应具备良好的内在物理性能（抗折抗压、吸水率、耐急冷急热性能和耐冻性能）外，主要检验项目为外观质量。产品外观要求光滑整洁，釉色鲜亮纯正。瓦件组装一起，釉色要基本一致。造型纹样规整清晰，产品允许尺寸公差±2mm，达到以上要求即为合格。如有图纸和实样，应严格按标准检验。琉璃瓦还有一些特殊检验方法：如板瓦，四块围拢应为圆筒，即呈360°。筒瓦两块拼合也应构成一圆筒。勾头、滴水马筒、板瓦粘接呈夹角应为135°±5°。六、总结我们研制的琉璃瓦、西式瓦的各项理化性能指标达到和超过有关标准，烧结温度低，瓷化程度高，产品釉色明亮光润，使用效果好。在坯釉研制过程中，我们注重使用本地各类矿物废料和废玻璃粉的使用，为降低生产成本找到了良好途径。